Suggested Level of Knowlege: Detailed

LOs

BT_PO 1.45 Discuss the factors that determine and control cardiac output and the implications for clinical practice including:          

· Preload, afterload and contractility

· The Frank-Starling mechanism

· Cardiac output and vascular function curves

· Pressure volume relationships in the heart

Past SAQs

2016.1, 2010.1, 2005.2,1999.1 Describe the autonomic innervation of the heart and the effects of autonomic stimulation on cardiac function.

2015.1, 2007.1 Describe the determinants of venous return and the effect general anaesthesia would have on these.

2014.1, 2013.2 Explain the effects of intermittent positive pressure ventilation on cardiac output.

2013.1, 2002.1 Explain how oxygen supply of organs is maintained during isovolaemic haemodilution.

2011.1, 2006.2 Describe the factors that oppose left ventricular ejection.

2009.1 What is the Frank-Starling mechanism and describe its relationship to excitation contraction coupling.

2008.2 Explain in physiologic terms the effect of severe aortic stenosis on myocardial supply and demand.

2004.2 List the physiological factors which affect left atrial pressure and explain their effects.

2002.2 Draw a pressure volume loop for the left ventricle in a normal adult. Outline the information that can be obtained from such a loop.

References

Cardiac Output