Suggested Level of Knowlege: Detailed

LOs

BT_PO 1.48 Discuss the cardiovascular responses to:

· Changes in posture

· Exercise

· Valsalva maneouvre

· Positive pressure ventilation and PEEP

· Pneumoperitoneum

· Haemorrhage and hypovolaemia

· Surgery and trauma

BT_PO 1.49 Describe the cardiovascular changes that occur with ageing

BT_PO 1.50 Describe the cardiovascular changes that occur with morbid obesity

BT_RA 1.2 Describe the physiological consequences of a central neuraxial block

Past SAQs

2017.1 Discuss the physiological consequences of total spinal anaesthesia caused by intrathecal administration of 20ml of 2% lignocaine at the L3/4 level. (Do not include management)

2016.1 Describe the cardiovascular changes that occur with ageing.

2016.1 Describe the autonomic innervation of the heart and the effects of autonomic stimulation on cardiac function.

2014.2 Describe the cardiovascular changes that occur with morbid obesity.

2014.1, 2013.2 Explain the effects of intermittent positive pressure ventilation on cardiac output.

2013.1, 2007.2 Briefly explain the cardiovascular responses to central neuraxial blockade.

2010.1 Describe the autonomic innervation of the heart and the effects of autonomic stimulation on cardiac function.

2009.2 Classify the causes of hypotension in the early post-operative period, giving relevant examples.

2008.2 Explain in physiologic terms the effect of severe aortic stenosis on myocardial supply and demand.

2005.1 Describe the compensatory mechanisms in a fit person moving from the supine to the standing position.

2001.2 Explain the effects of intermittent positive pressure ventilation on left ventricular output.

References

CVS: Response to Changes